* Keep clean needle always keeping it covered.
* Clean the needle with rubbing alcohol, which also help it slide better into the skin.
* Do not let the needle touch anything else your skin clean and the top of the vial of insulin. * Do not share needles with anyone else.
* When the syringe needle is dull or twist, or have been in contact with a surface that is not your skin or the insulin bottle, discard it. Keep in mind that the needles are medical waste should be handled with care. If you can safely remove the needle, but do not use scissors to cut it so you will not hurt you or others around you.

Now you have an idea a little clearer picture of insulin and how it works. Make it your best ally in keeping your blood glucose within a normal range. With time and practice you need to know exactly when and what type of insulin is more effective. Your insulin and a healthy lifestyle are your best allies to fight diabetes.

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Insulin was applied subcutaneously, it means the fat just under the skin, usually on the upper arms, thighs (front and side) and abdomen (but not too near the navel, 2 inches of it).

* It is important to rotate the area where you inject to avoid skin to thicken.
* Insulin is most effective if the time sync starts to work with your meals. Simple insulin, for example, is more effective when injected 30 minutes before eating. * If you have questions about the schedule of injections and the best place to inject, see your doctor to help you find the most effective pattern to control your diabetes.

Storing insulin

* The manufacturers recommend store insulin in refrigerator (cooler or refrigerator), but if you inject insulin cool cause you pain. To counter the effect, the manufacturers advise keeping insulin container you are using at room temperature. If you leave it at room temperature, the bottle is kept in good condition for 1 month.
* If you buy more than one bottle at a time, keep the other containers in the refrigerator. When you start using a container, take it out in advance before using it to take the temperature and therefore will not hurt injection.
* Avoid storing insulin to extreme temperatures, or too cold (in the freezer) nor in areas where direct sunlight or get very hot.
* Carefully check the expiration date and never use expired insulin or have discoloration or foreign particles into the jar.

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* In patients with type 1 diabetes, usually begins with a routine 2 insulin shots a day with two different types of insulin. Sometimes can be increased to 3 or 4 injections of insulin per day of different types. This level of 3 or 4 shots is the best blood glucose control and serves to prevent or delay diabetes-related complications such as eye damage, kidney, nerve endings, and so on.

* In patients with type 2 diabetes treatment varies: in some cases, only one injection a day without diabetes pills. Other patients may need only one injection in the evening (at dinner or bedtime), along with diabetes pills. If the pills fail to take effect, sometimes the patient needs to be given two injections a day with two different types of insulin. Occasionally it takes more than 2 injections per day.

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* Fast acting, begins working about 15 minutes after injection. Its maximum effect occurs within an hour or so and lasts 2 to 4 hours. The most common is lispro, aspart and glulisine.
* Single or short-acting (human) gets into the bloodstream within a half hour after injection, has its maximum action at 2 to 3 hours and the effect lasts 3 to 6 hours. The most common is regular insulin.
* Intermediate-acting (human) enters the bloodstream from 2 to 4 hours after injection, has its maximum action between 4 and 12 hours later and is effective for a period of 12 to 18 hours. The most common is NPH.
* Long-acting (ultralente) reaches the bloodstream 6 to 10 hours after injection and its effect lasts 20 to 24 hours. Examples of this are insulin glargine and insulin detemir.

There is also a type of premixed insulin that can be very practical and convenient if the person finds it difficult to extract insulin from two different bottles, or read the instructions and dosages for having difficulties with vision or movement of the hands (due to arthritis, for example). This insulin usually contains a short-acting insulin or rapid-and intermediate-acting.

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* All insulin used in the United States is processed in the laboratory and used most often is the U100 (which equates to 100 units per milliliter of fluid), but you can import animal insulin for personal use. * There are other powers, 40U and 80U as used in other countries in Europe and Latin America. If you have to travel or live in another country, keep in mind that the size of the syringe is suitable for the power of insulin.
* All types of insulin have added components that prevent bacteria from growing and maintain a neutral balance between acids and bases what is known as pH.

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Type 1 diabetes affects between 5 and 10% of all diabetics and is characterized by the pancreas can not produce insulin (beta cells of the pancreas are attacked and destroyed by the immune system).

Patients with type 1 diabetes need insulin shots to use glucose from food. That is the treatment of this type of diabetes.

In the case of type 2 diabetes represents between 90 and 95% of all diabetes cases, occurs not just because they do not produce insulin, but because it can not effectively open cells (what is known as resistance to insulin). Patients with type 2 diabetes need, in addition to eating a healthy diet and exercise, if this is not enough, take medication or insulin for the body to use glucose and convert it into energy.

Do you take or inject?

For insulin to be effective, must be injected into the subcutaneous fat (under the skin) so you can enter the bloodstream. It can be administered in pill form, for example, because they destroy in the process of digestion. The most common way to administer an injection, but other methods such as pens or insulin pumps.

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The role of insulin is related to the way the body processes and distributes the energy you get from the foods we eat. Just like cars need gasoline to run, or an appliance needs electricity, our body uses the energy derived from glucose (aka sugar).

Glucose is the main source of energy and the only cells that use the brain and central nervous system. However, the glucose molecules simply do not float in the bloodstream and enter the cell by chance is closer to them. The role of insulin is to accompany the glucose molecules and “opening” the door of the cell functioning as a sort of key or porter allowed entry.

After each meal, the level of glucose in the blood rises, the pancreas responds by sending and sufficient “keys” of insulin in the bloodstream to open cell membranes. When glucose is entering the cells, the level of glucose in the blood decreases. Diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not send enough insulin or insulin that can not be sent “open” to cells between glucose and the body uses for energy.

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Did you know that until recently less than a century was not known insulin or its function? Although there had been several previous tests to isolate insulin and has been controversy over who actually discovered it was not until 1922 that the Canadian researchers Frederick Grant Banting and Charles Best successfully treated a young diabetic patient to die with extracts animal pancreas containing insulin.

The following year, in 1923 the discovery of insulin received the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine and since this compound has been used to treat millions of patients like you. Given the importance of this medical achievement, which made diabetes a fatal disease into a manageable disease, was chosen on 14 November, which was the birthday of Dr. Grant, as the World Diabetes Day.

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* What is diabetes?

It is a chronic (latent) that has no cure. Occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body does not effectively use the insulin it produces. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar.

The result of uncontrolled diabetes is hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) and thus seriously damages many organs including eyes, kidneys, heart, nervous system, blood vessels, etc.

* Why diabetes occurs?

This disease occurs when there is a problem converting the food you eat into energy. The food we eat is turned into glucose (sugar). Glucose passes into the bloodstream, where it is used by cells for growth and energy. However, for cells to use glucose, insulin must be present.

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas, where insulin is not present or if the cells do not respond, glucose stays in the bloodstream, causing increased blood sugar or glucose, triggering the disease to people.

The purpose of insulin is to keep up a good level of blood sugar within normal limits to stay healthy, we measure our glucose in the body through a machine called a glucometer.

When the levels of blood sugar is too high, it is called hyperglycemia, otherwise when the level of low blood sugar, called hypoglycemia.

glucose meter

* The three types of diabetes.

* Type 1, known as insulin dependent. ” The problem of this type is when the person’s body does not produce any insulin. The person necessarily has to be administered several doses of insulin daily through injections or a pump to keep and not to complicate the body.
* Type 2: known as “non-insulin dependent.” The body produces insulin but not enough or is not assimilating well the body. This type of diabetes usually appears in adulthood (although it has been shown that there are teenagers who already have it) usually when the disease has been diagnosed and has had a breakthrough, has symptoms of type 1 but with less intensity. Type 2 is linked to obesity.
* Gestational diabetes is a hypoglycemic state (low sugar) that occurs in pregnancy. Its symptoms are similar to type 2 diabetes is diagnosed by prenatal testing before symptoms appear.

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* Plan appropriate diet and weight control.
* Physical activity.
* Medication (if needed).

Several specialists will be involved in diabetic care. The family, pediatric general practitioners, internists, endocrinologists and diabetologists, also supervise medical care. Consultations with specialists like the ophthalmologist will also be necessary if complications occur.

If you have diabetes, should take responsibility for the management of the disease every day. This includes not only the administration of insulin or oral hypoglycemic intake, but also collaboration in monitoring and analysis of blood glucose concentration in the diet and exercise regimen suggested by your doctor.

NUTRITION

A proper diet is essential. In fact for many patients with NIDDM have a program of weight control is sufficient by itself to treat the disease. It is necessary to develop a specific diet for each individual, aimed basically to reduce weight by a single control and establishing food patterns. To know which are your ideal weight and height tables can use already established. If your weight exceeds by 20% or more the value that indicates the table and you are not overly muscular, then suffers from overweight.

Alcoholic beverages tend to aggravate diabetes. So we should limit consumption of alcohol. Also alcohol is a concentrated source of calories, and its use can complicate weight management.

The goal of all diets is twofold. On the one hand helps control glucose levels. Furthermore, and importantly, will help control and reduce weight. Obesity increases the need for the body’s extra insulin because the food helps to increase the amount of glucose in the system. The result is that control of blood glucose concentration becomes more difficult and the risk of more serious complications also increases.

Diabetics must carefully regulate the consumption of carbohydrates (sugars and starches), fats and proteins. Your dietitian will arrange a suitable program. You should avoid consumption of sugars, such as pastries, cakes, sweets or sweet drinks. It should include dietary fiber-rich foods such as wheat and rye bread, fruit and vegetables (see the Diabetic Diet).

EXERCISE

Exercise is also important in the treatment of diabetics. Regular exercise helps keep weight down, but more important is the benefit on the circulatory system.

Muscles use more glucose during strenuous exercise, which helps the glucose level decreases.

Your doctor will help you establish an exercise program. There is debate about the right exercise regime for diabetics. If this is severe decrease in blood glucose level, and be alert to the possibility of an excessively low level (see Hypoglycemia and insulin reaction). A good practice is to drink milk and carbohydrates 30 minutes before practice. It should always have at hand a fast-acting carbohydrate (eg glucose tablet) in the event the onset of symptoms of hypoglycemia (nervousness, weakness, hunger, etc.).. If you have IDDM, try not to perform the exercise at times of maximum effect after injection.

MEDICATION

In principle, insulin is a drug used by diabetics under 40 years, while the used oral hypoglycemic persons who developed diabetes after age, although exceptions to this rule.

As the name implies, patients with IDDM require insulin, and those with NIDDM may or may not require medication. Anyway, in all diabetics, the most important factor in the use and dosage of medications is the individual willingness to follow the diet and exercise.

The decision to use insulin or hypoglycemic agents is based on the severity of diabetes. For an obese person with NIDDM, diet, accompanied by an exercise regime will be. If these measures do not control the disease, your doctor may prescribe insulin injections or oral medications. For a person with IDDM, insulin doses are needed, but these depend, in part, to take care of your diet and exercise.

INSULIN

Insulin can be of various types and various features. Some are taken from the pancreas of cats and dogs but the technology in recent years made it possible for the production of synthetic insulin.

Some varieties of fast-acting insulin and others act in a longer period. The type of insulin, amount, time periods and so on. are measures that are taken as needed in the diabetic. A single injection of insulin delayed in the morning is usually the most common, though they may require a mixture of regular insulin with delayed and additional injections throughout the day. Your doctor will determine what is best for you.

For patients with unstable diabetes, who are prepared to carry out a program developed, the best option is the injection of rapid-acting insulin before each meal. The doses depend on the measurement of blood glucose concentration at that time. This scheme is called “intensive insulin therapy.

The use of an insulin pump help people with unstable diabetes. The insulin pump is a device battery ready to continuously and automatically release a dose of insulin through the needle pricked the skin of the abdomen or arm.

Oral hypoglycemic agents

These are drugs that stimulate the pancreas to increase insulin production and are used in one third of patients with NIDDM. They are indicated for diabetics unable to control glucose levels with diet alone.

PREVENTION

There is no known prevention for IDDM, but obesity is strongly associated with the development of NIDDM in people over 40 years. Weight loss can help lower their development in some cases. If your weight is 10% or more above the recommended for your height and size, there is a diabetic in his family and is over 40 years should reduce their weight (see Obesity). Once diagnosed with diabetes, a number of steps you can take to limit the development and occurrence of complications. A good exercise program is crucial. If you are a smoker diabetes should provide the motivation you need to quit. Smoking is an additional risk for diabetics. Added to this is also the risk of heart disease and other effects (see controllable risk factors).

The foot care is very important for diabetics by frequent problems caused by the alteration of nerve function and narrowing of the arteries of the lower body (see Arteriosclerosis), which limits the blood supply to the feet. Wear proper shoes. This minimizes the risk of corns, beans and blisters. If circulation is impaired, any small wound with a blister, etc. ingrown toenail can lead to very serious infection or gangrene. If the nerves are damaged, the callus could end up in difficult to heal ulcers. Your doctor should recommend a visit to a podiatrist for her instruction and to provide appropriate care of nails, corns, etc..

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